References

Want to learn more? Take a look at some of the resources below.

1. Chandrajith, R., Kudavidanage, E., Tobschall, H. J., & Dissanayake, C. B. (2009). Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of elephant geophagic soils in Udawalawe National Park, Sri Lanka. Environ Geochem Health, 31, 391–400.
2. Clauss, M., Steinmetz., H., Eulenberger, U., Ossent, P., Zingg, R., Hummel, J., & Hatt, J-M. (2007). Observations on the length of the intestinal tract of African Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach 1797) and Asian elephants Elephas maximus (Linné 1735). Eur J Wildl Res, 53, 68–72.
3. Clauss, M., Frey, R., Kiefer, B., Lechner-Doll, M., Loehlein, W., Polster, C., Rössner, G., & Streich, W. (2003). The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters. Oecologia, 136(1), 14-27.
4. Elephas Maximus. The IUCN Red list of threatened species. Retrieved from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/7140/0.
5. Houston, D. C., Gilardi, J. D., & Hall, A. J. (2001). Soil consumption by Elephants might help to minimize the toxic effects of plant secondary compounds in forest browse. Mammal Review, 31(3), 249–254.
6. Jin, C., Xiaobao, D., Ling, Z., & Zhilin, B. (2006). Diet composition and foraging ecology of Asian elephants in Shangyong, Xishuangbanna, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26(2), 309−316.
7. Joshi, R. & Singh, R. (2008). Feeding behaviour of wild Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in the Rajaji National Park.The Journal of American Science, 4(2), 34-48.
8. Loxodonta Africana. The IUCN Red list of threatened species. Retrieved from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12392/0.
9. McNab, B.K., 2008. An analysis of the factors that influence the level and scaling of mammalian BMR. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 151: 5-28.
10. Pauzenga, U. (1985) Feeding Parent Stock. Zootech. International. Pp. 22 – 25.
11. Santra, A. K., Pan, S., Samanta, A. K., Das, S., & Halder, S. (2008). Nutritional status of forage plants and their use by wild elephants in South West Bengal, India. Tropical Ecology, 49(2), 251-257.
12. Sikes, S. K. (1971). The Natural History of the African Elephant. Elsevier Publishing Company, New York.
13. Spinage, D. A. (1994). Elephants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
14. Sukumar, R. (1989). The Asian elephant: ecology and management.Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
15. Sukumar, R. (1990). Ecology of the Asian elephant in southern India. II Feeding habits and crop raiding patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6, 33-53.
16. Sukumar, R. (2003). The living elephants.Oxford University Press, New York.
17. Sukumar, R. (2006).  A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants. Int. Zoo Yb, 40, 1–8.
18. Robbins, C.T., 1983. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition (1st edit.) New York, Toronto, Academic Press.
19. White, L.J. T., Tutin, C. E. G., & Fernandez. (1993).Group composition and diet of forest elephants, Loxodonta africana cyclotis Matschie 1900, in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 31, 181-199.
20. Williams, C. (2013). Medicinal Plants in Australia Volume 4: An Antipodean Apothecary. Rosenberg Publishing, Australia.

(Asian elephant, Nick Garbutt, http://www.arkive.org)